CADILLAC

TECHNOLOGY INVENTED

Cadillac ERL

ELR’s premium electric power steering system is designed to provide excellent feedback while saving fuel. Dual-pinion, rack-mounted electric power steering system with premium ZF steering gear. A combined electric motor and sensing unit monitors steering angle and delivers appropriate assist to the steering gear at all times, correcting for crowned road surfaces and cross-winds. This helps reduce driver fatigue.

           In driver-selectable Sport mode, ELR’s steering gear provides increased on-center sharpness and steering sensitivity for dynamic steering. In the more relaxed Tour mode, it allows precise control with less driver steering efforts.

           ELR’s continuous damping control monitors sensors throughout the vehicle, vehicle speed and the driver’s input, and adjusts damping accordingly for each 20-inch wheel every two milliseconds to maintain optimal vehicle ride control over varying road surfaces and profiles. This reduces and controls vehicle roll, pitch and vertical motions for a flat “sky-hook” ride performance, and instantly responds to cornering maneuvers by automatically adjusting the dampers to a firmer level for superior handling and stability. When driving on smooth roads, the dampers are automatically adjusted to the softest setting to provide increased isolation and ride comfort.

           An isolated four-mount front cradle contributes to the ELR’s overall quietness, noise and vibration performance, and ride-and-handling dynamics. Specifically tuned mounts are tailored to the engine’s inherent torque axis, decreasing the transfer of vibration and noise into the cabin.

ZF Dual-pinion Electric Power Steering(EPS)

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Motor

ZF Power Motor

The newly developed generation of brushless motors provides the assist calculated by the electronic control unit with high precision in any driving condition. The latest materials enable high efficiency with extremely small size. In addition, the drive was optimized with respect to noise performance and torque ripple for the requirements of an electric power steering system.

Torque Sensor

ZF Torque Sensor

The torque sensor measures the torque applied by the driver at the steering wheel. Based on this, the control unit calculates the steering assistance for the motor.

Electronic Control Unit (ECU)

ZF Electronic Control Unit

The ECU houses all the components – 32-bit microcontroller with on-chip flash memory and RAM, as well as the output stage for the motor – in what is a fully integrated, hermetically sealed unit. In order to ensure optimum response, the electronic control unit has all the relevant information permanently “in view”, including stored vehicle data as well as current operating parameters (such as vehicle speed, engine status or steering speed).


Second Pinion

ZF Dual-pinion Steering Sytem
*first pinion is steering pinion
*second pinion is drive pinion

The servo unit on a second pinion is a further superb option, designed for mid-size or upper midsize cars. The installation of the servo unit on the second pinion enables the physical separation of the sensor and the drive unit. The fact that the drive pinion ratio is independent of the steering ratio creates the opportunity for a performance-optimized configuration. The increase in system performance is in the order of 10 -15 %. And superb crash safety is guaranteed thanks to optimum use of the available installation space. By allowing a rotation of the servo unit of 360° about the axes of the rack and the drive pinion, the position of the servo unit can be defined to fit the particular application.


Other Component

1. Tie Rod : Completes the connection between the steering rack and the wheel.
2. Bellows : It protects the inner joints from dirt and contaminants.
3. Steering Racks : The steering rack produces linear motion from an applied torque to the pinion.
4. Housing : Cover steering rack.
5. Sensor Cable : Send data from torque sensor to ECU.

SYSTEM OPERATION

As soon as the driver turns the steering wheel, sensors register the corresponding steering torque and steering speed with absolute precision.

The registered data are used to calculate the required steering assistance and, based on the calculated results, to control the electric motor.

In the final step, the motor transmits the optimum servo torque – via worm gear or recirculating ball gear – to the steering column (EPSc), second pinion (EPSdp) or steering rack (EPSapa) in the mechanical rack and pinion steering system.

If the vehicle power supply fails, the driver can continue to steer the vehicle, due to the mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the steered wheels.

Flow Diagram of System Operation ZF Dual-pinion EPS

BENEFIT OF TECHNOLOGY

•  The electric power steering system can save weight, space and fuel.

•  The benefit of electric power steering is its simplicity. While a lot of design work and technology goes  into the electric system itself, it simplifies vehicle assembly and frees up space in the engine  compartment.

•  Electric systems don't need fluid or hoses. Vehicle assembly and repair is also simplified because  hoses don't need to be connected and air evacuated out of hydraulic systems.

•  For drivers, the big benefit of electric power steering has to be fuel economy. Because the systems  only uses power when the wheels are turned compared to hydraulic systems that pump fluid all the  time the engine is running.

COVER UP GUYS!

MEMBER’S NAME	TASK	DETAILS
FADHLI	SLIDE	INTRO
NURIN	REPORT	REFERENCES
MAWADI	REPORT	DISCUSSION
HABIB	SLIDE	DISCUSSION
ZULHELMI	SLIDE	CONCLUSION
RIDHWAN	REPORT	CONCLUSION
SYAFIQ	REPORT	DISCUSSION
FARUQ	SLIDE	DISCUSSION
HELMI	SLIDE	DISCUSSION
IZZUL	REPORT	INTRO
ZULKIFLI	REPORT	DISCUSSION

PLEASE FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTION:

A.      All assignments should contain:

1.)              Introduction   

-         Definition of the Systems/Technology

-         Locations of the systems in vehicles. Please provide photo/figure/video related.

                                                     

2.)              Discussion on:

a)     Technology invented/used.

-         Derive the technology meaning, where come from, invented by, etc.

-         History on that technology.

-         Please provide photo/figure/video related.

b)    Components Identification.

-         Identify all components in the systems. Please provide photo/figure/video related.

-         Discuss the components functions and contribution to the systems.

c)     System operation.

-         Explain the basic operation of the systems.

-         Please provide photo/figure/video related

d)    Benefit of Technology invented/used.                  

-         Discuss the benefit of latest technology and new invention (if any). Please provide photo/figure/video related.

3.)              Conclusion

-    Conclusion should cover overall topics discussed.

-    Finding must be stressed.

4.)              References

-    At least 10 references were cited.

-    Minimum references are 20 materials (books, journal, internet articles, etc.)

-    Please use Oxford Referring System for reference format.

SUBARU

PINION ASSIST ELECTRIC POWER STEERING (PEPS)

TECHNOLOGY USED

       Building on the success of CEPS, Nexteer Automotive introduced EPS designs for pinion-assist and rack-assist EPS in 2007 for a wide range of vehicles. Pinion EPS has been in production since 2009.  PEPS and REPS have expanded the application range and flexibility for electronic power steering technology

     Instead of providing power assist through the steering column below the dash, within the passenger compartment. Nexteer Automotive Pinion Assist EPS (PEPS) system has the integrated controller-motor unit and assists mechanism on the steering gear pinion shaft.  PEPS have a design range comparable to Column Assist EPS, but offers original equipment manufacturer (OEMs) packaging flexibility.

Example PEPS

SYSTEM COMPONENT

1. Electric Motor :  Electric motors convert electric current into a rotational torque.

2. Electronic control units (ECU) : Electronic control unit (ECU) calculates the assisting power needed based on the torque being applied to the steering wheel by the driver, the steering wheel position and the vehicle’s speed.

Example of ECU

3. Drive pinion : Translating the rotational motion of the pinion into the linear motion of the rack.

Example of Drive Pinion

4. Steering rack : The steering rack produces linear motion from an applied torque to the pinion.

5. Torque sensor : The sensor records the torsion bar angle required for the steering movement.

Example of Torque Sensor

6. Steering angle sensor : The steering angle sensor, located on the combination switch, detects the steering angle degree and the neutral position, and transmits these to the system ECU.

Example of Steering Angle Sensor

7. Steering Shaft : The shaft, in the steering column, which transmits the rotation imparted to the steering wheel by the operator to the steering device.

SYSTEM OPERATION

            The PEPS electronic control unit (ECU) calculates the assisting power needed based on the torque being applied to the steering wheel by the driver, the steering wheel position and the vehicle’s speed. The EPS motor rotates a steering gear with an applied force that reduces the torque required from the driver.

Diagram of PEPS

BENEFIT OF TECHNOLOGY

• The power assist unit is attached to the steering gear pinion shaft.
• Waterproof construction.
• This steering system is provided with a power assist unit at the pinion shaft (inside the engine room) and it features calmness when compared with the column type.
• The power assist unit is outside the vehicle's passenger compartment, allowing assist torque to be increased greatly without raising interior noise.
• Combined with a variable-ratio steering gear, this system can suffice with a compact motor and offer superior handling characteristics.

ATTENTION TO ALL MEMBERS!

MEMBERS	CAR MANUFACTURERS	DETAILS
WAN AHMAD FADHLI BIN WAN ABDUL RASID	CITROEN	SYSTEM OPERATION -          Basic operation of the system -          Provide photo/figure/video involved CONCLUSION -          Cover overall topics -          Findings must be discussed
WAN NURIN JAZLINI BINTI WAN OMAR	CADILLAC	INTRODUCTION -          Definition of system/ technology -          Location of the systems in vehicles -          Provide photo/figure involved
MOHAMAD ZULKIFLI BIN CHE EMBI	CADILLAC	COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION -          Identify all components in the system -          Discuss the components function and contribution to the system
CHE KU MUHAMMAD MAWADI BIN CHE KU ABAS	CITROEN	TECHNOLOGY INVENTED/USED -          Derive the technology meaning, where come from, invented by and history -          Provide photo/figure involved INTRODUCTION -          Definition of system/ technology -          Location of the systems in vehicles -          Provide photo/figure involved
MOHAMAD ZULHELMI BIN JAMALUDIN	CITROEN	BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY INVENTED/USED -          Discuss the benefit of latest technology & new invention
MUHAMMAD RIDHWAN BIN AZME	CADILLAC	TECHNOLOGY INVENTED/USED -          Derive the technology meaning, where come from, invented by and history -          Provide photo/figure involved CONCLUSION -          Cover overall topics -          Findings must be discussed
MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN AHMAD SAYUTI	SUBARU	INTRODUCTION -          Definition of system/ technology -          Location of the systems in vehicles -          Provide photo/figure involved SYSTEM OPERATION -          Basic operation of the system -          Provide photo/figure/video involved
MOHAMAD FARUQ BIN MOHD ZAIM	SUBARU	TECHNOLOGY INVENTED/USED -          Derive the technology meaning, where come from, invented by and history -          Provide photo/figure involved CONCLUSION -          Cover overall topics -          Findings must be discussed
MOHAMAD HELMI BIN ABDUL TALIB	SUBARU	COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION -          Identify all components in the system -          Discuss the components function and contribution to the system
MUHAMMAD IZZUL AMALI BIN MOHD RAMLI	CADILLAC	SYSTEM OPERATION -          Basic operation of the system -          Provide photo/figure/video involved
RIZAL BIN RAZUWAN	CADILLAC	BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY INVENTED/USED -          Discuss the benefit of latest technology & new invention
MUHAMMAD HABIBULLAH BIN ABDUL RAHMAN	CITROEN	COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION -          Identify all components in the system -          Discuss the components function and contribution to the system

CITROEN

ELECTRIC POWER STEERING (EPS)

TECHNOLOGY USED

              Electric Power Steering (EPS) or Electric Power-Assisted Steering (EPAS) completely replaces the hydraulic system that previously has always been associated with power steering. Electric power steering systems assist driver effort by the use of an electric motor which acts through a reversible gearbox and in some cases, also an electromagnetic clutch. An electronic control unit determines the degree of assistance that is rendered.The first electric power steering system appeared on the Suzuki Cervo in 1988.

            Electric power steering has some significant advantages over any form of conventional hydraulic steering, both for the owner of the car and its manufacturer. The reduction in engine load of an electric power steering system (it can be as low as 4 watts when the car is being driven in a straight line) means that the fuel economy of a car equipped with electric power steering is very similar to that of a car with no form of power steering. Analyses provided by manufacturers of electric power steering systems indicate potential fuel savings of 4-8 per cent over cars equipped with conventional hydraulic steering, with the lighter mass of an electric power steering also having an impact here. The independence of the system from engine operation also means that should the engine stall, steering assistance does not change.

              From a manufacturer's perspective, using electric power steering reduces assembly line time, allows the easy software tuning of the steering assistance characteristics to suit a variety of cars (a sports car or a limousine - more on this in a minute), and has the potential to improve reliability - 53 per cent of all power steering warranty claims are from pump and hose problems. Environmental gains are also possible from the decreased production and disposal of hydraulic fluid (worldwide, an estimated 40 million litres of power steering fluid was in use in 1995) and from the decreased requirement for the non-recyclable polymers used in hydraulic hoses.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1. Pinion Shaft 

• Transmits rotary motion to the rack, which converts this movement into linear, side-to-side motion.

2. Torque Sensor Steering

• The TSS (Torque Sensor Steering) was developed for vehicles with electric power steering EPS. The sensor measures the steering force applied by the driver and thus enables sensitive control of the electric steering support.

3 .Rack-and-Pinion Housing

• A rack-and-pinion gear sets is enclosed in a metal tube, with each end of the rack protruding from the tube. A rod, called a tie rod, connects to each end of the rack.The pinion gear is attached to the steering shaft. When you turn the steering wheel, the gear spins, moving the rack. The tie rod at each end of the rack connects to the steering arm on the spindle.It converts the rotational motion of the steering wheel into the linear motion needed to turn the wheels. It provides a gear reduction, making it easier to turn the wheels.

4. Electric Motor

• Electric motors convert electric current into a rotational torque.

5. Ball-screw Mechanism

• A ball screw is a mechanical linear actuator that translates rotational motion to linear motion with little friction. A threaded shaft provides a helical raceway for ball bearings which act as a precision screw. As well as being able to apply or withstand high thrust loads, they can do so with minimum internal friction.

6. Steering Rack

• The steering rack produces linear motion from an applied torque to the pinion.

7. Drive Belt

• A Drive Belt is used to drive accessories installed on a car engine, such as an alternator, water pump, power steering pump, air conditioner compressor, etc.

8. Electronic Circuit Unit 

• Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that also monitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. Typically use inputs from the anti lock brake wheel speed sensors, steering angle and steering effort sensors, and other inputs to provide the proper amount of steering assist.

SYSTEM OPERATION

                This system is a position servo system, and its working process is: when the steering wheel turns, the torque sensor which is installed in the steering wheel axle sleeve detect the torque that the steering wheel produces. It will make the torque converter for voltage signal to form a torque signal. The A/D module which in the controller makes the tested torque signal converts for the digital quantity. The current flows through the power motor will be collected back, form the feedback current signal feedback to the controller. According to the torque signal and feedback current signal, the controller will calculate the size of the booster current and it will drive the power motor through the Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control mode. Speed signal detection is one of the most important parts. With different speed, the power curve will also change correspondingly: the higher the speed, the smaller the power. When it reaches a certain speed, the power will stop, which make the driver have good road feeling. This article focuses on the design of the controller.

BENEFIT OF TECHNOLOGY

Features	Benefits
Engine independence	Reduced engine power drain Improved fuel economy and acceleration Instant-on power steering Assistance available even should the engine stall
Elimination of pump, hoses, fluid, and pulley	Simplified packaging Environmental compatibility Reduced mass
Modular design and integrated controller	Reduced assembly time Design and packaging flexibility
Multi vehicle use	Design and packaging flexibility
Software tuning	Wide assistance range In-vehicle laptop PC tuning Tuning process reduced from months to hours
Cost-effective advanced features	Variable effort steering, Assisted return to centre Steering damping capability